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The War of 1812, a war between the United States and Great Britain, and Britain's Indian allies, lasted from 1812 to 1815. The U.S. declared war and historians have long debated the multiple factors behind that decision.〔Jasper M. Trautsch, "The Causes of the War of 1812: 200 Years of Debate," ''Journal of Military History'' (Jan 2013) 77#1 pp 273-293.〕 There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war: First, a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France, a country with which Britain was at war (the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law);〔Caffery, pp.56–58〕 second, the impressment (forced recruitment) of U.S. seamen into the Royal Navy; third, the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest; fourth, a possible desire on the part of the United States to annex Canada.〔Caffery, pp.101–104〕 An implicit but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults (such as the ''Chesapeake'' affair).〔Norman K. Risjord, "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation's Honor." ''William And Mary Quarterly'' 1961 18(2): 196–210. (in JSTOR )〕 American expansion into the Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin) was impeded by Indian raids. Some Canadian historians in the early 20th century maintained that Americans had wanted to seize parts of Canada, a view that many Canadians still share, while others argue that inducing the fear of such a seizure had merely been a U.S. tactic designed to obtain a bargaining chip.〔Bowler, pp. 11–32〕 Some members of the British Parliament at the time〔George Canning, ( Address respecting the war with America ), ''Hansard'' (House of Commons), 18 February 1813〕 and dissident American politicians such as John Randolph of Roanoke claimed that land hunger rather than maritime disputes was the main motivation for the American declaration. However, some historians, both Canadian and American, retain the view that desire to annex all or part of Canada was an American goal.〔J.C.A Stagg (1983), Mr Madison's War, pg. 4〕 Although the British made some concessions before the war on neutral trade, they insisted on the right to reclaim their deserting sailors. The British also had the long-standing goal of creating a large "neutral" Indian state that would cover much of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference, but lost battles that would have validated their claims.〔Dwight L. Smith, "A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea" ''Northwest Ohio Quarterly'' 1989 61(2–4): 46–63〕〔Francis M. Carroll, ( ''A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783–1842'' ), 2001, page 23〕 The war was fought in four theatres: ''on the oceans,'' where the warships and privateers of both sides preyed on each other's merchant shipping; ''along the Atlantic coast'' of the U.S., which was blockaded with increasing severity by the British, who also mounted large-scale raids in the later stages of the war; ''on the long frontier,'' running along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, which separated the U.S. from Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec); and finally ''along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico''. During the course of the war, both the Americans and British launched invasions of each other's territory, all of which were unsuccessful or gained only temporary success. At the end of the war, the British held parts of Maine and some outposts in the sparsely populated West while the Americans held Canadian territory near Detroit, but these occupied territories were restored at the end of the war. In the United States, battles such as New Orleans and the earlier successful defence of Baltimore (which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner) produced a sense of euphoria over a "second war of independence" against Britain. It ushered in an "Era of Good Feelings," in which the partisan animosity that had once verged on treason practically vanished. Canada also emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national feeling and solidarity. Britain, which had regarded the war as a sideshow to the Napoleonic Wars raging in Europe, was less affected by the fighting; its government and people subsequently welcomed an era of peaceful relations with the United States. ==British goals== The British were engaged in a life-and-death war with Napoleon and could not allow the Americans to help the enemy, regardless of their lawful neutral rights to do so. As Horsman explains, "If possible, England wished to avoid war with America, but not to the extent of allowing her to hinder the British war effort against France. Moreover...a large section of influential British opinion, both in the government and in the country, thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy." 〔Horsman (1962) p. 264〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Origins of the War of 1812」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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